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Water downstream from factory farms harbours an invisible threat to people's health which could eclipse the COVID-19 crisis. The threat? Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) which are driving antimicrobial resistance the world's superbug crisis - projected to kill up to 10 million people annually by 2050. This publication reports the presence of ARGs in animal waste discharged from industrial farms into public waterways or onto soil (or crops) in four countries. Gauge community impact and sentiment regarding the issue was also highlighted. The water and sediment from public water courses connected to effluent discharges from 6-10 pig farms were tested in each of four countries (Canada, Spain, Thailand and the USA).
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In present manuscript describes synthesis of silver nanoparticles using turmeric leaves extract, traditional turmeric is a common spice that comes from the root of Curcuma longa, chemical called curcumin. Turmeric has a warm, bitter taste and is frequently used to flavor or color curry powders, mustards, butters, and cheeses. People commonly use turmeric for osteoarthritis, hay fever, depression, high cholesterol, liver disease, itching. There is also no good evidence to support using turmeric for COVID-19. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles AgNO powder was dissolved in distilled water to prepare 10 mM AgNO stock 3 3 solution from which different composition prepared. The AgNO solutions were mixed with urmeric plants 3 t leaves extract in equal proportion in flask. The flask was wrapped with an aluminum foil and was then heated in a water bath at 50-60 C for 2 hours. The synthesis of nanoparticles, which was confirmed by UVSpectra and TEM. UV-Vis spectra and visual observation showed that the color of the fresh leaf extractsof Vinca rosea turned into brownish yellow, respectively, after treatment with silver. In addition, TEM analysis confirmed that AgNO solutions for all concentrations produced ilver nanoparticles and their average size 3 s was less than 20 nm. Turmeric plants extract of fresh leaves can be used as bioreducing agents, drug resistant strains, toxic nature towards microbial agents, play an important role in nanoscience and nanotechnology, particularly in nanomedicine and potential applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has recalled the importance of prevention and preparedness for highly disastrous events in community health. Several emerging phenomena pose prospective threats to public health. However, the largely future-oriented character of problems, for instance, such as antibiotic resistance, the impact of climate change on health, or the bioengineering of pathogens generates difficulties of analysis. What are the ethical and epistemological challenges raised by future public health problems? How should the moral problems of potentially catastrophic future scenarios be addressed? This article argues in favour of adopting anticipatory ethical approaches from public health ethics. First, it will be argued that addressing these future problems requires reflection on the future as an ethical and epistemic problem. Second, the characteristics of the emerging anticipatory ethics in the fields of ethics of technology and bioethics will be clarified. Third, the application of foresight and anticipatory methodologies in public health ethics debates will be defended. Finally, some reflections will be offered to strengthen anticipatory normative analyses to prevent and address in advance the adverse effects of future health crises.
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Background: Antimicrobial resistance was a major problem even before the current COVID-19 outbreak. The healthcare industry has been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 outbreak. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance rates, particularly bacterial antimicrobial resistance, is required due to the advent of novel COVID-19 variants. A narrative review of the studies was used to evaluate the effect of the COVID-19 virus on the rates and transmission of bacterial antibiotic resistance.
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A prospective study was done during mid-April to mid-June 2021 to analyze the sudden rise in cases of Mucormycosis. We assessed characteristics, related comorbidities, disease locale, steroid administration and disease outcome in patients. Cases of Mucormycosis associated with RTPCR positive for Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and Mucormycosis occurring in patients with negative RTPCR for COVID-19 were compared. A total of 103 Mucormycosis patients were analyzed, 84 (81.55%) were RTPCR positive. Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus (70.87%) was the most common comorbidity present among RTPCR positive and negative Mucormycosis patients. Rhino-orbital and Rhino-sinusoidal sites were equally involved (44.0%), followed by Rhino-orbital-cerebral (11.9%) region. We ascribe the spike in Mucormycosis episodes to the trio of diabetes, excessive corticosteroid usage in the face of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
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Candida auris, a multidrug-resistant yeast, can cause primary or secondary infections in a wide range of patients, including those diagnosed with the new coronavirus to even healthy individuals. The fungus has been reported in less than a decade on all six continents and in more than 45 countries. Ease of distribution, long shelf life, and resistance to several antifungal drugs have raised concerns about the prevention and management of patients with C. auris infection. Recent reports indicate serious challenges in identifying, understanding the mechanism of drug resistance, and preventing mortality from the infection with this microorganism. Given the prevalence of COVID-19 infection, it is important to identify patients colonized with C. auris correctly and at the early stages, to control and prevent a possible outbreak. In this article, the widespread occurrence of infections due to C. auris in the world and Iran, its clinical manifestations, risk factors, pathogenic mechanisms, diagnostic enhancements and challenges, drug resistance, treatment options, prevention, and control as well as concomitant C. auris infections in patients with COVID-19 virus, are reviewed.
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In the realm of pesticide-resistance research, transdisciplinary collaboration has been evolving for over a decade. What began as an initiative to identify the barriers producers face to effective management of pesticide resistance has evolved into an effort to assist them in overcoming such hurdles. The nature of the problem (both wicked and a common pool resource) along with the types of barriers points to the potential of collaborative, polycentric governance approaches focused on community management. The state of the field is reviewed, comparisons to COVID-19 are drawn, and a call-to-action presented.
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The emerging situation in health services caused by coronavirus has resulted in a strenuous increase in ICU admissions, as well as the use of antimicrobials, often indicated for treatment of co-infections acquired in the hospital environment. The present study aims to describe the factors associated with bacterial co-infections with a multidrug resistance (MR) profile compared to patients without a multidrug resistance profile. For this purpose, a case-control study was conducted containing 127 patients who were hospitalized with a diagnosis of COVID-19 and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of the reference hospital for the 8th Health Regional of Francisco Beltrao-PR, Brazil, with laboratory and clinical evidence of coinfection. The mean age was 55.22 years, ranging from 24 to 86 years, 85% of patients were admitted in the year 2021, 52.8% were male, stayed an average of 17.72 days in the ICU and 79.5% had at least one comorbidity, especially obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Of 66.1% COVID-19 patients who died, 52.4% had at least one multidrug-resistant bacteria (MR) coinfection. Patients with MR had a greater number of comorbidities, stayed more days in the ICU, used antimicrobials longer, and ventilator-associated pneumonia was variably associated with the presence of MR in patients with COVID-19.
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The guidelines for the approach of patients with COVID-19 at the beginning of the pandemic were carried out by trial since the pathophysiology of this new disease was unknown among the medical actions the use of antibiotic therapies indiscriminately was described also the urged to carry out deep disinfection many times with chemical substances with a negative impact on environmental health both at the level of the microbiota responsible for the ecological balance and in environmental pollution mainly of water. In addition to this due to the health emergency it was required to use more single-use personal protective equipment and as a consequence the increase in hazardous solid waste whose composition is delayed degradation. Therefore, the health response to the pandemic was probably the setting to accentuate antimicrobial resistance and the risk of environmental damage. In this article a systematic review of the scientific literature on these topics was carried out the evidence demostrated the increase in resistance mechanisms of bacteria mainly pathogens of the respiratory tract. Anyways the negative impact due to the irrational use of chemical disinfectants translated into resistant bacteria especially to quaternary ammonium compounds. The bioaccumulation and biomagnification of these substances has caused toxicity mutations propagation of resistance genes. Therefore it is suggested that strategies be prioritized that mitigate the trail that has been spreading as the pandemic passed by SAR-CoV-2.
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Biological war or tomorrow war was a forbidden sequel of very dangerous past residues of genes manipulating strategies. Pandemic Corona virus (Covid-19), pandemic Influenza, Hemorrhagic fever, Ebola, AIDS, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Extended spectrum beta lactamase resistant Klebsiella pneumonia(ESbetaL), pandemic clones of Acinetobacter baumannii and now forbidden clones of foodborne Mycoplasma series especially M. pneumoniae as a bridge of stress hardening phenomenon associated with Covid 19 within food chain rather than nosocomial infected individuals inside Iraqi ecosystem. Epigenetic temporary drifted tolerance versus genetically permanent shifted resistance behaviors for multidrug antibiotics cascaded by UV radiation abnormal tolerance power was verified in recovered forbidden isolates of biofilm enclosed ecosystems of Mycoplasma species from Cows mastitic milk samples in Baghdad. How can these modified entities survive these struggling, how can learn and adapt to these stressors to be a Chimera through a decade ago and how be transferred from nosocomial environment to community and food chain ecosystem? Uncontrolled genetic engineering power with continuous hidden mutations with forbidden transducing prophages guided by a security chip or trusted platform module of sophisticated brain like machines recognized by quorum sensing mechanisms could be somewhat a partial clue of trueness of deciphered puzzles. Totallya 180 randomly collected pooled raw milk samples from Al-Fudhaliyah, Abu-Ghraib and Al-Sadrya ecosystems throughout March cascaded to July (2021) were verified for abnormal mastitis enrollment cascaded kits. Frequency and distribution patterns for recovered forbidden biofilm clone isolates of Mycoplasma series ecomap were 44 strains (64.7%) out of 68 CMT positive case and totally 180 (24.44%) from which, 20 strains were positive M. pneumoniae (29.41%) and totally (11.11%) verified by a series documented tests of modified methylene blue PPLO agar, biochemical series, scanning electron microscope and PCR technologies. Multidrug resistance behavior was unveiled in 32 strains (72.72%) out of 44 from which, 18 strains were positive M. pneumoniae (40.9%). UV radiation tolerance behavior was encountered in 12 strains (37.5%) out of 32 from which, 9 strains were positive M. pneumoniae (28.125%). In a conclusion remarks, we verified abnormal behavior of UV radiation tolerance in biofilm ecosystem of multidrug resistant strains of Mycoplasma series especially M. pneumoniae recovered from mastitic milk in Baghdad due to genes sharing mechanisms with recovered forbidden clones of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) and ESbetaL Klebsiella pneumoniae in the same workstation ecosystems. Termination of these new bio life and biohazard emergent infectious foci of abnormality drifted clones of Mycoplasma especially M. pneumoniae needs sophisticated enrollment and association of all sources with Self-denial.
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Background: The pattern of bacterial infection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients differ worldwide. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the patterns of bacterial infections and the antibiotic resistance profile by VITEK 2 (bioMerieux, France) in the culture of blood samples from hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
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Background: COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a new type of virus named SARS-CoV-2. There is still no specific treatment for COVID-19;the antibiotic is used for therapy and to prevent severe disease, so the increasing use of antibiotics in COVID-19 patients will lead to a detrimental impact and the risk of antibiotic resistance. Purpose: This study aims to analyze antibiotic use frequency and determine the number of DDD per 100 bed-days in July - December 2020 at Bhayangkara Hospital Surabaya.
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Objectives: To examine the clinical characteristics, drug resistance, and factors influencing development of a pulmonary fungal infection in patients with severe respiratory diseases in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment.
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The new coronavirus reaches the cells of the lower respiratory tract, starting an inflammatory process. Considering this infection, the immune system must eliminate the pathological agents and mantein cellular homeostasis, tissue repair and generation of immunity memory. When there is a failure in this pathway, this system encounters a series of difficulties for the resumption of balance, in addition to secondary infections, leading to additional clinical complications. Thus, this study sought to address the immune response to Sars-CoV-2, and the main post-Covid secondary infections (bacterial and fungal) and antimicrobial resistance in this context. This is a literature review based on the analysis of journals from the following academic platforms: Google Scholar, Center for Biotechnology Information (PubMed), Science Direct, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Scopus. The research was delimited in a range from 2003 to 2021, using the keywords COVID-19 as a search tool;Immune response;Bacterial infections;Fungal infections;Resistance. The results obtained in the studies demonstrate the impact of secondary infections on mortality, thus, among the main infections, bacterial infections (84%) stand out, including mainly the agents: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridioides difficile and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. As for secondary fungal infections, Aspergillus sp. and Candida affected mainly critically ill patients. Based on the data, an evident problem was the difficulty in identifying the agent causing the secondary infection, resulting in a scenario of intense use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, contributing to the selection of resistant pathogens and, controversially, the worsening of the prognosis of the disease patient.
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Background:Analysis of the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the resistance level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb) isolates to Anti Tuberculosis Drugs (ATD) needs to be carried out considering the level of MTB resistance is an important factor in the occurrence of Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) in Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of resistance of MTb isolates of patients with suspected TB in Surakarta. Subjects and Method: This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a retrospective Cohort based on the medical record data of suspected TB patients at Surakarta Central General Hospital in 2020 - 2021. The sampling technique was random sampling with a total of 200 samples each year. Data analysis used the SPSS 21 program.
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Today, pets are the source of numerous infectious diseases that can be transmitted to humans, as a result of their increasingly frequent contact. The most important viruses with zoonotic potential include rabies and influenza viruses as well as rotaviruses and noroviruses. However, the importance of individual viruses varies depending on the climate and infectious disease control systems in certain countries. Dogs, cats, and other increasingly popular types of pets can transmit bacterial zoonotic agents to humans in various ways. In addition to known pathogens such as the bacteria causing leptospirosis, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, or brucellosis, the bacteria Pasteurella multocida and Bartonella henselae transmitted by bites or scratches are also significant in human pathology. There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in isolates originating from pets and the transmission of these strains between humans and animals requires special attention. Furthermore, fungi causing diseases such as sporotrichosis or dermatophytosis are linked to long-term and persistent infections in humans. The epidemiological situation caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the assumption of an interspecies jump of this virus from animals to humans, including its documented presence in domestic cats, dogs, tigers, and martens, have raised the question of the possibility of virus transmission from pets to humans. However, the current pandemic is caused exclusively by SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the human population, and these animals are not a source of infection for humans. A significant number of zoonoses originating from pets is a threat to public health, thus requiring the "One Health" approach through close cooperation between human and veterinary medicine to develop and implement effective health measures for both humans and animals. As part of responsible ownership, pet owners must be informed by veterinarians about measures to prevent infectious diseases and certain risks that are related to keeping certain species of animals.
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This proceedings contains the s submitted by the participants of the meeting, which summarize clinical research data diagnosis, prevention and treatment of pediatric infectious diseases;controversies in antibacterial therapy;multidrug resistance;progress towards better antimicrobial stewardship and policy;and COVID-19.
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This special issue contains 13 papers dedicated to Professor Waclaw Tadeusz Szybalski on the 100th anniversary of his birth. Topics covered include: monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies;gene therapy;synthetic biology tools for engineered therapeutics;impact of molecular subtype and stromal composition on the activation of epithelial mesenchymal transition process during breast cancer progression;probiotics in the times of COVID-19;use of transcriptional slippage for diverse gene expression;cloning, expression in Komagataella phaffii, and biochemical characterization of recombinant sequence variants of Pseudomonas sp. S9 GDSL-esterase;genetic and physiological diversity of white Spanish broom (Chamaecytisus albus) endophytes;SecA structure and function;Escherichia coli and Serratia fonticola ESBLs as a potential source of antibiotics resistance dissemination in the Tricity water reservoirs;antibacterial activity of muramyl dipeptide derivatives, retro-tuftsin derivatives, and anthraquinone oligopeptides against a range of pathogenic bacteria;role of hypoxia-induced Factor and AMP kinase in metabolic evolutionary roots of the macrophage immune response in amoeba-bacteria interactions;and organisational units in current bioethics, and their main characteristics concerning life sciences.
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This proceedings contains 10 papers on risk management policy of the ministry of health, labour and welfare for ensuring safe wild game meat, prospective of application of food safety risk assessment for game meat, coronavirus disease (COVID-19) for animal owners, shelter medicine and COVID-19, the characteristics of bats as natural reservoirs of the novel coronavirus, chalkbrood in honey bees and its control measures, the economic impact of classical swine fever in Japan, benzalkonium chloride resistance in Listeria monocytogenes isolated in Japan, COVID-19 outbreak and epidemiological research in Japan and the amendment of the act on domestic animal infectious diseases control.